Psychology reflective essay free essay sample

Any demonstration where aâ prisoner purposely hurts themselves irrespecve of the technique, plan or seriousness of any injury† †¢? In 2011- ­? 12 more than 27,000 self- ­? hurt episodes, including just about 7,000 detainees †¢? 7% of male detainees †¢? 9% of male youthful o? enders †¢? 30% of female detainees †¢? 4- ­? 12 mes higher than in the general populaon 2 13/02/2014 England and Wales: 2004- ­? 2009 †¢? 139,195 self- ­? hurt scenes †¢? Including 26,150 detainees †¢? 5- ­? 6% of male detainees †¢? 20- ­? 24% of female detainees Repe55on of self- ­? hurt More than 100 scenes/year: Ra5o of self- ­? hurt scenes/detainees 10 9 8 †¢? 2 male detainees 7 6 †¢? 102 female Detainees Ra5o 5 4 3 2 1 †¢? 17,307 scenes (26% of all out number in female detainees) 0 2004 2005 2006 Males 2007 2008 2009 Females Counseling in jails Vigne^es †¢? Morals †chance, con? denality and the wellbeing of the advisor †¢? Security †¢? Who is the customer? †¢? Would prison be able to be a therapeuc situation? †¢? What are the e? ects of detainment? 3 13/02/2014 What is life in jail like? â€Å"Prisoners su? er the ulmate disgrace of expulsion to an uncongenial instuon, which is oBen stuffed, where companions can't be picked, and physical condions are Spartan. Most importantly, they are all by the procedure of detainment, isolated Structure everything natural, including all their social backings and adored ones†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Gunn, 1996: 5) Long-term mental impacts Cohen and Taylor (1972) Prisoners in a greatest security jail have a practically over the top dread of decay â€Å"These men felt that inside and out them were instances of individuals who had transformed into cabbages since they had not been adequately vigilant† (p. 56) Irwin (1980) Prisons debase, disillusion, handicap and dehumanize detainees Pains of detainment versus ‘deep freeze’ worldview A queson of strategies? †¢? â€Å"We don't limit the significance of phenomenology in evaluating jail life †¦ But, on the off chance that we stray as well A long way from epistemic qualities that are urgent to a lively sociology then we risked making terrible arrangement decisions† (Bonta Gendreau, 1990) †¢? What considers ‘good’ proof? †¢? When and by what method would it be advisable for us to quantify torment and deterioraon? †¢? Crique of ‘harm- ­? as- ­? deterioraon’ worldview †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? Cross- ­? seconal examines, short follow- ­? up periods Focus on male long- ­? term detainees Linear versus curvilinear e? ects â€Å"pain is a damage which mental scales have so far neglected to re? ect† (Liebling and Maruna, 2005: 12) †¢? Need progressively longitudinal and blended strategy research The Pains of Imprisonment Sykes (1958) †¢? hardship of freedom †¢? hardship of products and enterprises †¢? hardship of hetero connections †¢? hardship of independence †¢? hardship of individual security Each â€Å"carries an increasingly significant hurt as a lot of dangers or assaults which are coordinated against the very establishment of the prisoner’s being. The individual’s image of himself as an individual of significant worth †¦ starts to falter and develop dim† (p. 78-9) Exaggerations? Walker (1987) -  ­? â€Å"research †chie? y by therapists †has done a lot to de? ate the general exaggeraons †chie? y by sociologists †about the evil e? ects of typical incarceraon† Bonta and Genreau (1990) †¢? Meta- ­? analyc audit of quantave investigation into swarming, lone con? nement, short- ­? term con? nement long- ­? term detainment. †¢? â€Å"the experimental information we inspected quesons the legitimacy of the view that detainment is all around painful† (p. 365) †¢? detainment may have the chance bene? t of isolang the o? ender from an exceptionally dangerous way of life in the network (p 357). When is detainment difficult? Bukstel and Kilmann (1980) †¢? The procedure of adjustment to jail (counting examples of Custody†¦ in reality, jail may give a chance to o? enders beforehand driving chaoc ways of life to seHle into a stable roune and draw in with services† (p. 79) †¢? Is T1 a legitimate benchmark? †¢? Is T3 too soon? †¢? What happens later in the sentence or potentially aTer discharge? †¢? Can/would it be a good idea for us to search for general pa^erns? â€Å"Some individuals do encounter a decrease in emotional wellness in jail. These people are bound to be female, on remand, have pre- ­? exisng extreme and suffering psychological sickness or some combinaon of these factors† (Ibid. ) 5 13/02/2014 Prison atmosphere (Liebling, 2004) Summing up †¦ †¢? It is extensively acknowledged that. Detainment can be difficult, particularly in stuffed condions †¢? Parcularly under these conditions, jail can lead â€Å"to an intense compounding of psychological wellness problems† (Joint Commi^ee on Human Rights, 2005: para. 4. 99) Well- ­? being Respect Humanity Safety Rela5onships Order Trust Support Fairness Personal advancement Decency Family contact Meaning Prisoner public activity Power/authority †¢? The high paces of suicides and self- ­? hurt in jails might be seen as proof that ‘doing me’ is upsetting and harming for some detainees †¢? In any case, â€Å"there is li^le to help the end that drawn out detainment essentially. Has unfavorable e? ects† (accentuation included, Bonta and Gendreau, 1990: 357) †¢? Short- ­? term impact†mental and in any case †¢? Praccal, wellbeing, socio- ­? financial and relaonal ramifications for detainees and their families Supporting prisoners’ well- ­? being †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? †¢? First night habitats/packs Safer Locals Personal o? cer plans Access to Samaritans’ telephones and directing Peer support and tutoring (counting audience plans) Chaplaincy Cell- ­? sharing danger evaluation Equivalence of medicinal services Purposeful acvity empowered Educaon O? finishing Behavior Drug Rehabilitaon Programs Family. Visits days Charity bolster administrations (e. g. outside naonals) Focus on rese^lement/building joins with network administrations Should jail intend to be a restorative situation? Crique of the ‘therapunive rhetoric’ â€Å"Although in themselves the mental projects are most presumably innocuous [†¦ they] really cause hurt since they recommend to ladies that they ought to have the option to control their reactions to unfriendly material conditions over which, truth be told, they have no control† (Carlen, 2006: 7) Legimising the utilization of detainment E? ecveness, plausibility and morals of ‘voluntary’ mental treatments and intervenons †and. Costs included Warehousing? Being a jail advisor â€Å"Some contend it might be pointless and even deceptive to give psychotherapy inside the jail framework, as nature migates against therapeuc change. Who is the advocate working for? For the jail framework? The customer? The NHS? Society? Her/himself? Maybe the guide is working for a putave future vicm. What's more, what are the important condions for e? ecve psychotherapy? Con? denality is a prime element of the therapeuc relaonship: by what method may the issue of customer con? denality work inside the jail framework? † (Pars, n. d. ) â€Å"†¦I should have been versatile yet. Mindful of the significance of keeping up the casing and limit of the therapeuc relaonship. On a run of the mill visit I would be accompanied up to the Visits Hall †¦ I would see my customers in a little stalls (around six feet square) where con? denality was plainly an issue. We could be seen by the vast majority in the corridor and potenally caught by anybody in a nearby corner. This could be a wellspring of distracon and somemes worry for my customers. I enquired with respect to whether there may be an increasingly appropriate room accessible, yet was informed that because of the congestion there was a genuine deficiency of room. It was this or nothing. I felt that this Was without a doubt be^er than nothing†¦ 6 13/02/2014 Inially, the greatest impression was the means by which frantic individuals were to recount to their accounts. A considerable lot of them had never con? ded their youth misuse. Countless them were frightened to mention to anybody what had happened as a result of the got shrewdness that to be manhandled implies they will presumably mishandle. So for some other prisoner to ?nd out they were conversing with a sexual- ­? misuse advisor could have different terrible outcomes. I was likewise mindful that jail isn't really the best spot to investigate di? clique sentiments, open up and potenally make oneself helpless. This was a progressing issue. Was it reasonable, or even moral, to request that anybody experience guiding inside such a domain? I thought (and think) it was. The end I came to aTer working with various detainees for more than four years, was that a huge level of the jail populaon were traumased in youth by some type of misuse: sexual, physical or psychological†¦ For these individuals, directing can be of incredible bene? t. A considerable lot of them have never encountered a warm, posive, non- ­? critical relaonship and the experience of one can engage them and show them compassion (a portion of my customers became Listeners aTer a couple of long periods of advising). †

6 Things to Consider Before Early Application Deadlines

It’s harvest time once more, and for secondary school seniors applying to school, that implies early application cutoff times are quick drawing closer. Numerous serious universities have Early Action (EA) or Early Decision (ED) programs with cutoff times of November first or November fifteenth. Ideally, if you’re intending to apply early, you’ve effectively done your exploration, and you see all the principles and prerequisites. Nonetheless, it’s worth twofold looking at your application and thoroughly considering your choice again before you really hit submit. It is safe to say that you are practically prepared to turn in your ED or EA application? Pause for a minute to think about these tips from first. Before you present any applications, ensure you recognize what kind of early application program you’re entering and what the standards of that program are. Fundamentally, ED programs are official and single-decision. EA programs are non-authoritative, yet they might be single-decision or â€Å"restricted† ( SCEA or REA ) programs.â ED II programs have a later cutoff time, yet as ED programs, they’re as yet official. Contingent on which schools you apply to and under which designs, this can get confounding. It’s valuable to consider what will occur under various mixes of conditions and ensure you’re arranged †you don’t need to stall out at a school you’d rather not join in. For example, on the off chance that you apply ED to a school and are conceded to the Regular Decision or RD round, you’re discharged from your coupling ED commitment. In addition to other things, this implies in the event that you, at that point apply to another school in the ED II round and are acknowledged, you’re limited by your consent to go to the ED II school, regardless of whether your unique ED school acknowledges you in the RD round. ED and EA programs are the significant choices you’ll find among serious universities, yet there are different prospects in the domain of early school confirmations, including moving affirmations, prior thought in athletic enlistment , and â€Å"likely letters† sent to specific understudies who will no doubt be conceded. Check with your school for points of interest, and read our posts ED versus EA versus REA and ED I versus ED II: Frequently Asked Questions for an increasingly point by point clarification of the procedure. On the off chance that you’re relying on budgetary guide to make school workable for you, this can make early applications more muddled. Applying early gives you less chances to think about guide grants from various schools and conceivably haggle more guide from your favored school. Specifically, applying through a coupling ED program can place you in an extreme position if you’re acknowledged, however aren’t offered enough guide . In the event that it’s genuinely monetarily unthinkable for you to go to your ED school, you might have the option to persuade the school to discharge you from your ED understanding moving forward without any more outcomes, however it’s better to stay away from that circumstance if conceivable. Applying early dependent on your expectations of getting enough guide accompanies a specific measure of hazard, and you ought to think about this hazard before applying. On the off chance that your budgetary circumstance is particularly dubious, it might be a superior plan to apply in the ordinary confirmation adjust and show signs of improvement take a gander at all your choices on the double . Likewise, remember that applying to school early regularly implies applying for money related guide and grants ahead of schedule too. Ensure you have your money related records all together and are prepared to deal with these necessities by the deadlines.â Indeed, even schools that have been around for many years change constantly. New approaches are received, grounds offices open or close or experience redesigns, and employees leave or show up. Before you present your application, do another speedy round of research to check in the event that anything major has changed since you chosen to apply. Consider the manners by which changes at your school may influence your arrangements there. For instance, if an employee you’d been especially amped up for working with has recently reported that they’re leaving the school, you may never again be certain to such an extent that this school is your first decision. Then again, if the school simply got a liberal gift to grow undergrad entry level position openings, this new asset may strengthen your choice to apply early. Keeping awake to date with respect to any progressions or significant occasions at your ED or EA school can likewise be useful with regards to your future meeting . Your examination will propose common points for that discussion, and your insight into the school will mirror your certifiable enthusiasm for going to . On the off chance that you haven’t visited your initial application school yet, now’s an opportunity to do it. A visit can give you a vastly improved thought of what regular daily existence resembles nearby and whether that condition suits you. In the event that you’re applying through a coupling ED program, it’s much progressively significant for you to feel secure with your decision. Obviously, it’s not generally conceivable to visit a school, especially with cutoff times coming up unexpectedly early. On the off chance that you can’t visit, look at the college’s affirmations site for elective approaches to become more acquainted with the grounds better . A few schools considerably offer virtual visits. For ’s guidance on arranging a viable visit to your school of decision, look at our post How to Make the Most of a Campus Visit . On the off chance that you’re not ready to visit, we go over certain choices in our post How Can I Figure Out a School’s Culture Without Visiting the Campus? Assessing your opportunity of getting into a school isn't simple in today’s serious condition. Fortunately, with our best in class programming and information, we can examine your scholastic and extracurricular profile and gauge your odds. Our profile investigation instrument can likewise assist you with distinguishing the improvement you have to make to enter your fantasy school. A college’s site and promoting materials can reveal to you a lot about that school, however conversing with an understudy, regardless of whether present or previous, is the most ideal approach to get an individual, unfiltered viewpoint on what going to that school is truly similar to. Numerous significant factors in your school choice can’t be sufficiently communicated by numbers and insights, yet should at present be considered before you focus on an early application. Utilize your associations with discover an understudy who can converse with you. Your family, companions, or direction advisors may have a valuable association, or the college’s confirmations office might have the option to coordinate you with an understudy. Close companion exhorting programs like the Mentorship Program can likewise assist you with associating with current understudies at the school where you’d like to apply early. In the event that you get the chance to converse with an understudy, get some information about their preferences, the things they appreciate most about their school, and the things they find generally testing about joining in. Urge the understudy to discuss all the advantages and disadvantages, including the elements that aren’t complimenting to the school, and to be transparent about their assessments. Choosing to apply to a coupling ED program is a genuine duty. In the event that you’re acknowledged, you’re required to join in, regardless of whether you’ve adjusted your perspective. You must be discharged from this responsibility under phenomenal conditions, for example, on account of a family crisis or if you’re totally unfit to manage the cost of it. So also, in both ED and SCEA or REA programs, you’re just permitted to apply to one school in that ahead of schedule round, paying little mind to other schools’ policies.â Schools claim all authority to dismiss your application on the off chance that you abuse the details of your initial application understanding. Since school affirmations workplaces frequently speak with one another, the news may spread to different universities where you’ve applied. It’s conceivable that those schools will decide to dismiss you also; regardless of whether different universities aren’t legitimately included, they may stress over your responsibility and dependability.â Adhere to your understandings as they’re composed. In the event that you’re uncertain about whether your initial application plans consent to these understandings, converse with your direction instructor as well as the college’s confirmations office. It would be a disgrace for you to be dismissed from a school you love on the grounds that you’ve committed an error †or in light of the fact that you’ve attempted to game the framework. Here’s a brisk manual for early application types and cutoff times for the top universities in the United States, in light of the recently discharged 2018 U.S. News and World Report rankings . As usual, check with your college’s affirmations office legitimately for the most exceptional application subtleties. Early school applications can be particularly distressing †the early cutoff times give you less time to consummate your application materials, and since you’ll for the most part apply ahead of schedule to your first-decision school, the result will be even more critical to you. It can help hugely to get criticism from individuals who are proficient about this procedure and can manage you through the entirety of its subtleties. ’s experienced close companion coaches aren’t simply prepared to help with the school application process; they’re likewise sponsored up by the intensity of ’s database of confirmations patterns, and the best part is that they have individual experience getting acknowledged to lofty universities.

48 Questions Thatll Make Awkward Small Talk So Much Easier

48 Questions Thatll Make Awkward Small Talk So Much Easier Small talks can become boring in a matter of minutes. Partaking in such conversations is a terrible experience.Chatting with people you don’t want to talk to or discussing cliché topics like weather again and again can be really intimidating.If you are not prepared, most of these meetings end up in dreading silence where you have nothing to talk about except weather.Whether you are talking to an old forgotten friend at a get together, chatting with a colleague at an office party or having a conversation with a complete stranger in a train, you can become victim of a small talk every now and then.How do you avoid these talks or make them easier to get through?One option is to simply leave any such conversation at the first instance.However, if you are bound by unforeseen forces and cannot leave your seat, you have to find other solutions to this annoying problem.One such solution is to ask thought provoking, fun and unexpected questions which others can’t answer in simple yes or no.Asking such questions will make the environment lighter and the conversation more interesting. You will get to know other people. You cannot achieve this goal through “normal” conversation. Most importantly, you will no longer have to talk about weather.You can check out following list of awesome questions you can ask to make small talks easier to go through. The questions are further divided into different topics which most people can easily get behind.If you are struggling to avoid small talks, perhaps you can take some help from this video as well. HOW TO AVOID BORING CONVERSATIONSThere are many characteristics of a boring conversation.For instance, you might fall asleep when someone is talking about outer space. You are looking at something else instead of paying heed to what is being said all around you.Or, you are just thinking about spending rest of your life in a jungle rather than where you currently are.However, all is not lost. You can do many things to avoid borin g conversations and some of them are as following.Ask Real QuestionsPrepare yourself before attending in any meeting or party. Find some deep and really thought provoking conversation starters.Ask questions which can spark interest in others as well. Research some really cool but unique ideas about the world. Find topics which are inherently related to humans, the topics about which people have their own opinions.Look for Exciting StoriesQuestions like “what’s up” or “how were your vacations” can help you break the ice.However, questions like “what was the most interesting part of your vacations” can really spice things up and help you start a real conversation. This way, you will trick your partner and entice him to tell a real story.Use Your Body LanguageYou can also use your body language to express your boredom. Looking at your watch, checking your messages and pretending that someone else has caught your attention are all indications that you are bored to death.As k Questions which Induce InterestOne of the best methods to start an interesting conversation is to find topics which other people are most excited about.Ask a series of questions which show your enthusiasm to learn more about the topic under discussion. Open conversation with usual simple questions but follow them up with more probing and serious ones.Add some Value to ConversationAnother way to make any conversation or small talk more exciting is to add as much value to it as possible.Share every piece of information or knowledge you have about the topic. You can also talk about a topic you are an authority on. Keep people engaged by radiating valuable information and satisfactorily answering their questions.Always be HonestHonesty is always the best policy. Sometimes you have to shun politeness and be honest about your feelings. The results will be awesome if you simply tell other person that you hate small talks.Being honest makes you more authentic and charming and will force o ther speaker to talk about more interesting topic.Never Ever Discuss WeatherOn the lighter note, never ever discuss weather. It is always cold in December and hot in July. It is not a big deal at all. Talking about the weather is the shallowest form of conversation you can ever have and you need to avoid it at any cost.Before any further ado, these are the questions which will make your conversation easy, enjoyable and interesting.HUMAN RELATIONSHIPNothing fascinates people more than talking about their lives and how they work. Why? We as a human being are nothing without our connections and relations.Moreover, you must know how to handle people if you want to learn what you actually need in life. You need to learn how to have a beautiful conversation with everyone as explained by Malavika Varadan in this amazing video. What was the worst thing you did when you were a child?Which cities have you lived in? What do you like and hate about them?Do you have any surprising hobbies or hid den talents you want to talk about?If given an opportunity, which person you want to become right now and why?What was the funniest incident ever in your life? Can you share it with us in detail?What is something you are obsessed with?On a scale of 1-10, how strict or lenient are your parents?WORK AND OFFICESome people argue that discussions about work and school can ruin any conversation.On the other hand, work and school top the list when you actually listen what people actually talk about. People spend a lot of time at school and office. Most often, people are really passionate about what they do.What would you possibly be doing if you were not working here?What is the best bit of advice you have ever received from your seniors or mentors?What do you think is the most important skill every person should have to succeed?How would you describe your boss? What are his strengths and weaknesses?What is one thing you will leave your current job for?What was your first job? Did you like it or hate it?What do you think is the strangest talent that you have?ENTERTAINMENTWell nothing beats entertainment when it comes to popular topics of conversations or small talks. People are passionate about movies, TV shows and sports teams.Sometimes they even fall in love with fictional characters or their favorite players. These topics never get boring or irritating.What sports do you like to watch? What is your favorite team?Who is better? Ronaldo or Messi.What is your favorite movie soundtrack and why?What is your favorite movie and why?Which songs always bring tear to your eyes? Or what are the songs you always enjoy to listen?Have you ever read any book in your life? What is your favorite book? What was the last book you read?What is the funniest TV show you have ever watched?TECHNOLOGYWell, you can always talk about iPhones or Android and stuff like that.Do you long to go back to your old life before Facebook, Twitter and Instagram?What to do you prefer? Apple or Samsung?W ould you ever wear latest gadgets such as Apple Watch or Google Glasses?What do you think the latest technological advancements will lead us? Are they doing more harm than good?If you do get a chance to learn one programming language, what would it be? Better ask this question to a boy or man. It is one of the worst stereotypes. But â€" have you ever found a girl who enjoys talking about programming and other compute stuff. However, I am pretty sure such girls do exist.TRAVEL AND TOURISMMany of people’s greatest memories and experiences are related to travel.People love talking about these experiences, strange cultures and places they have explored. Even those people who haven’t traveled much can be mesmerized by listening to stories about travel.How many countries have you traveled so far? You could talk about a country for hours if both of you happened to have visited it.If you ever decide to relocate to another country, which country would it be?Do you like air travel, road t ravel or sea travel? Or, what is your favorite mode of transportation and why?How do you compare your own country with the ones you have visited? Or, what are the most striking cultural differences?Have you ever faced any trouble in a foreign country? Can you share your experience with rest of us?Which, in your opinion, is the most relaxing place in xyz country or world?Which is the most beautiful country you have ever visited?Do you like to confine yourself to famous cities or go off the beaten path when traveling abroad?FOOD AND COOKINGFood and cooking is perhaps the lightest and funniest topic you can think about. People enjoy talking about their favorite dishes or the foods they hate.If you are talking to someone for the first time, figure out what kind of food he loves instead of asking him to explain meaning of life.What food do you love or absolutely hate? What are the reasons you like or hate a particular dish?Do you have food fights? When was the last time you had one?Which food looks delicious but is actually pretty disgusting?What do you like to have in a restaurant? Can delicious food compensate for poor hygiene or lack of atmosphere?If you are told that you can only eat one food for rest of your life, what will you choose? Or, what is the one food you will not even taste in your life no matter what?Ask whether he or she only eats food from a specific culture? If yes, ask them to give you reasons?What is your favorite restaurant? What do you most like about that particular restaurant?RANDOM QUESTIONSFinally, you can ask tones of random questions to start an exciting conversation.Ask questions that are unexpected but not intimidating for your partner. You can choose questions from any topic in the world as long as they are light and fun.Everyone wastes time? How do you prefer to waste time?What annoys you the most? Or, name one popular thing or person whom you find really annoying?Have you ever worked incredibly hard in your life? When was the last time you were so committed?What do you think of demons, genies, spirits and things like that?What is more important to you? Good job, a big house or a beautiful caring wife?Will you ever beat a person if you have to?What is one thing about the world you would like to change overnight?CONCLUSIONWow, these are a lot of questions you can ask to make little conversations much more fun and exciting.Hopefully, you have found some which you think you can use in your next conversation. The bottom line is that you can make literally any small talk interesting. The topic itself does not have to be interesting. You just have to share your unique perspective, opinion and personality.

Jonathan s Record On Corruption Is A Disgrace Essay

In relation to the records of the former President, Goodluck Jonathan, Remi Adekoya argues that ‘Jonathan s record on corruption is a disgrace’. To buttress this, a recent report from Human Rights Watch states that ‘endemic public sector corruption continued to undermine the enjoyment of social and economic rights in Nigeria’. Former President Jonathan did not deny that his administration was undermined by systemic grand corruption as he has constantly referred to it as ‘common stealing’. He has been accused by even his political allies of only paying lip service while encouraging corruption through his â€Å"body language†. Recently, Jonathan received a letter from Obasanjo with ‘vitriolic criticisms, which include comparing Mr Jonathan’s rule to that of the late General Sani Abacha, the widely hated former military dictator’. In the eighteen paged letter, Mr Obasanjo accused Mr Jonathan of failing to tackle Nig eria’s many problems, in particular, the endemic grand corruption. Prominent among the grand corruption cases that emerged from former President Jonathan’s regime includes the Police Pension Fund scam where 32.8 billion Naira (US$210 million Dollars) belonging to the Police Pension Fund was embezzled by serving public officials. The porous public structure arguably made it possible for the highly placed public officers to syphon off the pension fund. Moreover, in April 2012, the â€Å"House of Representatives† committee investigating the fuel subsidy programmeShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesUniversity of Minnesota and George Washington University. His MBA and Ph.D. are from the University of Minnesota, with a BBA from Drake University. Before coming into academia, he spent thirteen years in retailing with the predecessor of Kmart (S. S. Kresge), JCPenney, and Dayton-Hudson and its Target subsidiary. He held positions in store management, central buying, and merchandise management. His first textbook, Marketing: Management and Social Change, was published in 1972. It was aheadRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the

Hate Crime And The United Kingdom - 3275 Words

Whilst hate crime has been represented in the media and legislation for many years, particularly in the US, definitions of the term have been transient and changing. The Home Office issued a report in 2013 which demonstrated to both the public and law enforcement officials the most recent formal definition of ‘hate crime’ in the United Kingdom: â€Å"any criminal offence which is perceived, by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by a hostility or prejudice towards someone based on a personal characteristic† (Home Office, 2013). Reviewing statistics on hate crime in the United Kingdom, it becomes clear that there are two main official sources for data; the Crime Survey for England and Wales, and crime recorded by the police. Based on combined data from the CSEW 2011/12 and 2012/13, there was an estimated 278,000 hate crimes taken place on average each year (Home Office, 2013). However, when compared with the data shown by police recorded crime, there ar e huge disparities. 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Ethical Analysis of Gumdrop Northern Free Essays

At the conclusion of this audit, the following ethical Issues were identified: emergence to International law and treaties by exporting manufactured landmines to Afghanistan and Iran; use of substandard materials used to construct body armor; disclosing Information from the military that would prevent Injuries; and the formulated plan to send out notices under the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act, and severing ties to the collective bargaining agreement which resulted in 100+ employees out of work. Despite the several issues that have been identified, we are optimistic that we can implement solutions that can correct these incidents and prevent future issues from happening. Due to the magnitude of the issues that were found it is essential to get a basic understanding of business in ethics. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Analysis of Gumdrop Northern or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ethics can be perceived differently among people because it has several nuances. According to Frederica, Farrell and Farrell, The American Heritage Dictionary defines ethics as, â€Å"The study of the general nature of morals and of specific moral choices, moral philosophy, and the rules or standards governing the conduct of the members of a profession. (p. 7). This Is a good starting point to help us further understand the importance of ethical compliance. For the purpose of this memorandum, the definition that will be used is the principles, values, and standards that businesses should adhere to, to ensure it is acting within ethical standards. Furthermore, studying ethics in business is very important because ethical misconduct is a considerable concern in business throughout the world. My ethics committee and I have referenced this definition and statement through the duration of our audit, and is the foundation of our findings. Now that we have discussed the definition and importance of ethics in business, we will discuss ACH ethical Issue that was discovered in Gumdrop Northerner operations. After each ethical Issue has been addressed, we will discuss potential solutions and our reasoning for the betterment In your short and long-term goals. Ethical Issue #1 : Ignorance to International Law and Treaties by exporting manufactured landmines to Afghanistan and Iran. This is a very dynamic issue because there is conflict of interest. This conflicts with your parent company, the Department of Defense because you are a long-term military contractor that manufactures munitions, body armor and armored vehicles for the United States military. The U. S. Litany is currently fighting in a decade-long war in the Middle East, and landmines have been common amongst the fatalities since the beginning of the war. Improvised explosive devices (Deeds) have continued to be the number one killer of United States armed forces in Afghanistan, and 60 percent of all combat- related deaths in 2011 alone were caused by Deeds (Moral, 2011). Deeds are the most common method used by insurgent groups and rebels who wage non-traditional warfare, and are designed to kill or cause serious bodily harm. The conflict of interest that my committee and I are most concerned with is the simple fact that you are opposed to supply effective body armor to the coalition forces to protect them from explosive blasts, but you are also supplying the enemy with the essential tools that cause these aforementioned explosive blasts. This conflict of interest not only violates international law and treaty, but you are potentially responsible for deaths of uniformed personnel serving in the armed forces. It is your responsibility to behave ethically, and this has not happened by your ignorance to the law, and the endangerment you have caused to uniformed personnel. In addition, the landmines hat you sell to the Taliban and Iranian government are defective, and many of who attempted to plant the mines was killed in the process due to the faulty switches. It should also be noted that many of these deaths were children and soldiers of each respective country. This ignorance on every angle is unethical by all counts. The basis of this ethical issue can have a wide range of effects legally, and can have severe repercussions on corporate stakeholders. The legal effects are very straightforward. The company can potentially be taken to court to file the violation of international law, and the consequences can be severe. For example, Department of Justice lawyers are rumored to be involved where families of injured or killed service members can consult attorneys to investigate Gumdrop Northerner contributions. Furthermore, the stakeholders are also potentially at risk. Anyone who has a stake or claim in your business can be directly affected because of your negligence to law, and this can damage your reputation, which is important in keeping your contract with the Department of Defense. In addition, it can Jeopardize the future of your company. Ethical Issue #2: The Use of Substandard Materials Used in the Company’s Manufacturing and Failure to Disclose to Stakeholders It has also been brought to our attention that Gumdrop Northern has utilized substandard materials in their manufacturing. Given the nature of your business, the United States military needs state of the art body armor that has the sophistication to stop penetrating shrapnel aimed for the body. The use of substandard materials is unacceptable because the safety of our soldiers is paramount in today’s war. The body armor is the primary mode of protection that protects America’s sons and daughters, and the armor you are providing the U. S. Litany does not protect them to Afghanistan and Iran. The substandard material is not only limited to the personnel body armor, but it also is connected to the armored vehicles used to transport military personnel throughout the theater. It has been revealed that there is a thin sheet of steel on the underside of the vehicle that makes them extremely vulnerable to improvised explosive device explosions. This is alarming because, as previously mentioned, Deeds are among the chief causes of death of soldiers. You have structured a vehicle that is protective on the sides and top, but have ignored arguably the most important part of up-armored vehicles used in the Middle East. This also leads to the negligence of the company to disclose this information to its primary and secondary stakeholders, and failure to understand the stakeholder orientation. The failure to disclose information can cause the rescission of an agreement. In your case, the Department of Defense can void the agreement with your company and also pursue a money settlement. Also, the purpose of the stakeholder orientation is for you to understand and address the demands of a stakeholder. The U. S. Litany is your primary stakeholder and you have failed to meet their demands and standards by using substandard materials and failing to disclose this information to them. It is your responsibility along with other top managers in Gumdrop to act in a responsible manner by providing truthful information to all stakeholders. We have found in our audit that you have failed in this field, and you have not complied with ethical standards. Ethical Issue #3: The formulated plan to send out notices under the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Act, and severing ties to the collective arraigning agreement, which resulted in 100+ employees out of work. We have found that your actions under the WARN Act are completely legal because you have acted within all the guidelines underlined in the act. Also, your plan to file for bankruptcy to reject the collective bargaining agreement is another area of concern. However, we believe it is unethical to do so because of the circumstances that you have found yourself in the aforementioned ethical issues. This issue is controversial because you are middling between the lines of ethical and legal issues. We believe that this is an unnecessary approach, and there are other venues to pursue to resolve the issues at hand. I believe you should place significant value on your shareholders because they are primarily responsible for the day-to-day operations and ensuring your company is bringing in profit. Therefore, you should treat your people right and you can accomplish this by giving them a fair shot. If you trade seats at the table, it would seem unfair to dump them so quickly because they have families to feed, bills to pay and priorities to maintain; so we think you should do the right thing and help them in any way possible. The ethical issues hat we have identified are substantial and they can have serious potential effects on the reputation of your company and its future. With that said, we have outlined a detailed plan that we have formulated as the best for the business. Resolving the Ethical Issues: All of the issues have been put on the table and addressing possible solutions is statement of Gumdrop because this is where we believe you have failed. We suggest that a meeting is held by the Board of Directors to re-tool the mission statement of Gumdrop Northern. When all of the issues are put on the table it helps to have all eye players there to innovative think of the direction the company wants to move in. For the first ethical issue, the resolution is quite simple. We believe that Gumdrop Northern should adhere to international law and treaty by severing your ties with Afghanistan and Iran. It doesn’t make sense to supply the enemy with antipersonnel ammunition, and protect the individuals fighting the enemy. Although more than half of your profits derive from these clandestine operations, it is conflicting with your interest by protecting the United States military with your manufactured products. This relationship should be terminated, and it should tie into your company’s mission statement. Furthermore, it is your moral and ethical responsibility to report your shortcomings. I believe that showing integrity defines a company, and this can be the first step to repairing and strengthening your relationship with your stakeholders. It is also a great first step into repairing your corporate image. Moving on, the second ethical issue that we discovered is definitely a priority in addressing. The United States Military deserves the best protection because of their illnesses to volunteer their lives to fight for our freedom. Gumdrop Northern is using substandard materials when superior equipment should be used in preparing the body armor and armored vehicles. I think that the best solution to this problem is using the best equipment available to help protect the soldiers. I believe you should immediately recall all the body armor that has been issued, and rebuild the body armor that the soldiers use. This move is good for your image because it shows you have identified faults in your products, and will work relentlessly to alter it to meet military standards. You are also doing yourself a favor by telling your primary stakeholder that there are issues with your product, which is something that you have failed to do so. In addition, you should also revamp the armored vehicles that you supply to the troops. This is the primary mode of the transportation for uniformed personnel, and ensuring the safest vehicle possible should be a priority. Gumdrop Northern should provide additional sheets of metal to the bottom of the vehicle to strengthen the most vulnerable part of the vehicle. Finally, the third ethical issue can be resolved by not doing any of it. It is our belief that you should take responsibility for your actions, and slowly repair your image. I believe that taking care of your shareholders is important in business because they make sure your company is working. Therefore, the essential portion of this resolution is to own up to your mistakes and build on what you have. This solution shows ethical responsibility, and this is the focal point of this memorandum. I previously mentioned that an essential part of this meeting is also to identify fiduciary duties of the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Operation Officer. It is the ethical responsibilities of each of these managers to gain back the trust and confidence of the stakeholders (I. E. – United States Military). This is the best alternative that is the best for the business considering the ethical issues that were identified and the potential circumstances that were discussed. It is the right thing to fixing your problems. By owning up to your mistakes it may damage your company’s problems in the short-term, but you are strengthening your company in the long run. I believe the first couple of months will be difficult because of the backlash you’ll chive by showing your integrity, but with strength and perseverance, Gumdrop Northern can return to prominence. I also believe that part of repairing the company is implementing an ethics committee and appointing an individual to act as the ethics officer. I believe this is essential because it would help prevent issues like the previously mentioned from happening in the future. It also will keep Gumdrop Northern in ethical compliance. Your company has fallen short in this area, and it should be a priority in your company’s mission statement. How to cite Ethical Analysis of Gumdrop Northern, Papers

Reading Response Chen Wei free essay sample

Fat is a Feminist Issue -Susie Arroba In Rhubarbs essay, she maintains that fat is a feminist issue, female obesity is an expression of independence rather than a personal failing. First she details the obesity epidemic in American women, the emotional effects of overeating on women, and she lists her views about the causes of obesity. After that the anther begins to offer a feminist explanation of womens obesity, she suggests that womens obesity is a challenge to gender stereotypes and should be viewed as a societal illness, not a personal failing.Arroba builds her argument moving from biology to culture, in order to show that female obesity is a feminist choice, rather than the availability of unhealthy food, less of exercise, bad genes and so on. Arroba argues that womens inferior societal position is the result of a long time belief that womens biology makes them fit for the roles, like wife or mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Response Chen Wei or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And a woman must catching a man with her good looks and pleasing manner, therefore a woman is highly susceptible to the vagaries of fashion, media , and make-up in an effort to make her more desirable to men.However, in the authors opinion, despite being thin is consistently viewed as positive and it is seems necessary for women, the obesity may express rebellion against the strictures of cultural conformity what the women face. After reading Rhubarbs essay, I basically agree with her views. In todays most peoples opinion , fat is hard to accept and a woman who is thin looks better than a woman who is fat, that will lead to women eat as less as possible , and the woman who is fat , she will try her best to lose weight , and the reason why she do so is that It can make her looks more normal or more beautiful for man . It means the womens freedom is deprived Indirectly. First womens obesity should not be discriminated against, there are many ways to cause women fat, and fat or thin is a womans feminist, they can enjoy food what they like, and feeling confident whatever they fat or not. On the other hand , fat is not means unhealthy but not beautiful. However oppose the opinion of Arroba about the obesity may express rebellion against the strictures of cultural conformity what the women face. I think woman can express their feminist in many different ways.

The Strategy Adopted by Ikea free essay sample

Explain, in details, the strategy adopted by IKEA, and how it successfully did the positioning. ***At business level strategy Focus Strategies By implementing a cost leadership or differentiation strategy, IKEA choose to compete by exploiting their core competencies on an industry-wide basis and adopt a broad competitive scope. Alternatively, IKEA can choose to follow a focus strategy by seeking to use their core competencies to serve the needs of a particular customer group in an industry. In other words, IKEA focus on specific, smaller segments (or niches) of customers rather than across the entire market. Focused Business Level Strategies involve the same basic approaches as Broad Market Strategies. Focus strategies can be based either on cost leadership or differentiation. Focused Cost Leadership Strategy IKEA that compete by following cost leadership strategies to serve narrow market niches generally target the smallest buyers in an industry (those who purchase in such small quantities those industry-wide competitors cannot serve them at the same low cost). We will write a custom essay sample on The Strategy Adopted by Ikea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Global furniture retailer IKEA provide customers with â€Å"affordable solutions for better living† through use of the focused cost leadership strategy.The company offers home furnishings that combine good design, function, and quality with low prices. IKEA does this by offering low-cost, modular furniture (assembled by customers), using self-service as an alternative to having sales associates follow and pressure customers to buy. IKEA displays its products in room-like settings so that customer can view different combinations of furniture, eliminating the need for assistance from sales associates or decorators to visualize the setting and reducing employee costs. Customers also pick up their own purchases to reduce the company’s costs. Finally, stores address the needs of shoppers (e. . , extended hours and in-store childcare) while they shop. Focused Differentiation Strategy IKEA following focused differentiation strategies produce customized products for small market segments. They can be successful when either the quantities involved are too small for industry-wide competitors to handle economically, or when the extent of customization (or differentiation) requested is beyond the capabilities of the industry-wide differentiator. For example, Manufacturers such as Ferrari, Aston Martin, and Lamborghini compete in the tiny super car category with prices starting at $150,000 and running as high as $600,000. These cars are more than just transportation. Just as was noted for industry-wide differentiators and low-cost producers, IKEA choosing to focus must be particularly adept at completing primary and secondary value chain activities in a superior way. Issues related to the five competitive forces are similar to those discussed for the differentiation and cost leadership strategies, except that the competitive scope of the focus is on a narrow segment rather than the industry. ***At corporate level strategyThe IKEA international strategy uses a franchise corporate level strategy spreading risks and sharing resources. And as IKEA has moved into an ever expansionist mode, pursuing both multi-point competition and vertical integration to achieve market power, it found markets ready and willing to adopt the IKEA mindset of low cost, European designed furniture – â€Å"supplying Scandinavian design at Asian prices†. Britain, for example, was wallowing with a complacent Habitat (nicknamed â€Å"Shabitat†) which IKEA came to own. This was another key to the IKEA success story – timing. An industry-wide competitor may recognize the attractiveness of the segment served by the focuser and mobilize its superior resources to better serve the segments needs. Preferences and needs of the narrow segment may become more similar to the broader market, reducing or eliminating the advantages of focusing. There are a focusing IKEA may be â€Å"out focused† by its competitors. A large competitor may set its sights on an IKEA’s niche market. Customer preferences in niche market may change to more closely resemble those of the broader market.It often involves compromises becoming neither the lowest cost nor the most differentiated IKEA. It becomes to â€Å"stuck in the middle†. The strong commitment are lacked and expertise that accompanies IKEAs following either a cost leadership or a differentiated strategy. 4 Based on your answer to the above, how can managers guard against such risks? A mixed strategy is not advisable because cost leadership and differentiation may call for inconsistent policies and conflicting demands on operations, budget allocations, choice of suppliers and distributors, etc.Pursuing them simultaneously may reduce the effectiveness of the policies resulting in weak or no advantages. It may also make it more difficult to create a clear image in the minds of customers. Priorities may also be unclear in the minds of staff. On the other hand, IKEAs in reality rarely competes purely on cost or differentiation. This shows that combining the two is possible. As long as the strategy does not require mutually conflicting practices, it is fine to mix the two. IKEA makes very few products internally and relies almost totally on its network of hundreds of suppliers.These collaborative long-term partnerships with suppliers are rooted deeply in IKEA’s corporate history, and the character of these ties has become part of the culture. It is through the suppliers that IKEA has been able to make innovative designs featuring environmentally responsible materials and an efficient use of resources and translate them into bottom-line results. The key suppliers, in turn, use links with IKEA as vehicles to stay innovative, because innovation is the only choice if the supplier wants to retain this powerful buyer; IKEA is powerful enough to be coercive, and â€Å"the giant† is not to be dismissed easily.Another aspect to consider in this case is a process that starts with regulation, which has prompted IKEA to work with key suppliers to meet the new requirements (pushing them to do so at equivalent or minimally increased costs). They develop a higher-quality product, which motivates IKEA’s competitors to match the design and materials innovations as well as the economic efficiencies. Meanwhile, the suppliers improved skills and capacities make it more competitive, enabling it to expand its business with old and new buyers.Consequently, the industry is stimulated to match and exceed the IKEA example, the natural environment wins because waste or pollution is reduced or eliminated, and the customer benefits by being able to purchase a better-quality product. Students should emerge from the discussion with a sense of how IKEA illustrates the ripple effects through markets, industries, and societies of innovation around environmental concerns (and IKEA is not an isolated example, merely an illuminating one).IKEA save to create by successfully transferring capabilities and competencies from one SBU to another SBU. The value is created from economies of scope through: Operational relatedness in sharing activities say purchase and sales ; corporate relatedness in transferring skills or corporate core competencies among units. The difference between sharing activities a nd transferring competencies is based on how the resources are jointly used to create economies of scope.

Debates in History essays

Debates in History essays Debates in History: Short Academic Review of a book/chapter. ...the power of the image of Shaka lies not, as most previous commentators have suggested, in its openness to manipulation, to invention, and to imaginative reworkings. Rather it is to be found in, ... the historical limits and constraints attached to Shakan historiography...and to the possible depictions of Shaka. In this essay I intend to discuss chapter 2, of Terrific Majesty by Carolyn Hamilton. Throughout history Shaka has been portrayed in many different guises, from a despot and villain, to a hero and military genius. This chapter covers various historical accounts of Shaka, and how interpretations of him as a person differ, according to the perception and the motivation, of the author. I shall be comparing the resources utilised in the book, with those that I am already familiar with, for example Fynn and Isaacs, and with the evidence found in the Praise poems, of the relevant period. The first issue presented by the book is the information supplied by Henry Francis Fynn, who in 1822, was among the first people to encounter and document Shaka and the Zulu tribe. He and Francis Farewell travelled across land from the Cape to meet with Shaka in 1824, for trading purposes. At this time Shaka was depicted as being open to the idea of a British settlement and showed no signs of hostility. To the surprise of the trading party, the Zulus were well ordered and courteous under Shakas ruler ship. On reading an extract from Fynns diary, it is clear that trade which had began with the Zulu nation, under the tyranny of Dingiswayo, continued at a more rapid pace during Shakas rule. In the first year of his chieftainship he opened a trade with Delagoa Bay, by sending 100 oxen and a quantity of elephants tusks to exchange for beads and blankets... the trade thus opened by Dingiswayo was afterwards carried on, on an extensi...

Timeline of Historical growth in Terms of Technological Advances Essay

Timeline of Historical growth in Terms of Technological Advances - Essay Example Based on this finding, they recommended the use of MRI technology in identifying chemical compounds (http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk) Damadian believed MRI technology to be a means of manipulating genetic characteristics of a living being. Nevertheless, empirical research is ongoing in order to validate this assumption (http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk). Clinical application of MRI initiated in US (http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk), which revolutionized the world of medicine through providing exclusive integrated knowledge of human physiology, thus assisting physicians in identifying the interdependencies of various human organs with each other. A famous medical equipment company purchased the MRI machine in order to initialize its mass production (Wehrum, 2011). Along with this a diagnostic method for Parkinson’s disease was perfected through integration of MRI (Seibyl, et al., 1997). A sub-dermal scanner through integration of CT and MRI technology was developed at Siemens (Wehrum, 2011), which offered detailed understanding of the interdependencies of various functions in human body. In this modern era of technology, importance of MRI is increasing as a treatment for skin diseases because conventional methods of treatment are reported to be causing significant epidermal damage. On the other hand, MRI technology is believed to be much more effective than traditional treatments. However, MRI also has some consequences for heart patients, because it influences their heart rate in a negative fashion, through causing their heartbeat’s rhythm to collapse. As a result, MRI is not recommended for cardiac patients except in extreme cases. This paper focused on analyzing the history of MRI scanning system in medical science. MRI blessed medicine with the strength to scrutinize internal condition of humans, which was considered absurd in the past. However, at that time, physicians resorted to external

ABC Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ABC Development - Assignment Example The housing project was scheduled to begin on January 1, 2013 and to be completed in the first few days of the month of December 2013. However, the construction process was delayed by 1 week. The planning process also realized delays of about 3 weeks. In total, delays in the schedule were 4 weeks (approximately 1 month). The planning permission was to commence on March 1, 2013 while construction was to begin a month later (April 1). It means that the first complete housing units were to be rescheduled to the end of October. The sales process should have started on November 1, 2013. The sales would remain at the same rate indicated earlier in the feasibility study since the shifts in house sales have not affected the current revised rate. It remains at 2 housing units sold per month. However, completing the sales would be realized three in February 2014. There are changes on the interest rate charged by the financial institution responsible for the funding of the housing project. With the increase in the rates of interest, loan facility would have to be viable until the end of February 2014. The simple interest would have to be scaled to 1.3% or simply 1% because of the 0.8% rise in the simple interest rates. The interest on the loan facility remains at the original schedule of a quarterly model in arrears. The developer’s cash will be used to pay it out. Roll-ups will not be allowed on the payments. The commitment fee of  £5000 will not be affected by scaling up the interest or the changes in planning and construction schedules. It will still be paid once the loan has been processed. The disposal fee of  £500 per housing sold will also remain unchanged. The funding of construction costs in a revolving basis will not be affected by the changes. It will remain at  £525,000. The remaining land cost ( £80,000) and

The Basic Tourism System Tourism Essay

The Basic Tourism System Tourism Essay Fennell defined tourism as the interrelated system that includes tourists and the associated services that are provided and utilized facilities, attractions, transportation and accommodation to aid in their movement (Fennell, 1999). 2. Tourism Defined Tourism, according to the Oxford dictionary, is the theory and practice of touring or travelling for pleasure. According to Leiper (1979) the foundations of tourism are thought to have Greek origins, with the term describing a circle, reflecting a key component of tourism, returning to the point of departure (Leiper, 1979: 391). The Leipers model which is also known as the basic tourism system is shown in the figure 1. Figure 1. The Basic Tourism System Source: Leiper (1995) Leiper.N. (2004) Tourism Management (3rd Edn) Frenchs Forest: Pearson p.53 A tourist, as defined by the World Tourism Authority is someone who moves away from home on a temporary or short-term basis for at least 24 hours and less than a year, it can be internal movements within a country (domestic tourism) or going to another country (international tourism) (Law, 2002: 2). McIntosh (1977) described tourism as the science, art and business of attracting and transporting visitors, accommodating them and graciously catering to their needs and wants (McIntosh and Goeldner, 1977: ix). Today, tourism is one of the worlds largest and fastest expanding industries. In 2010, the overall global tourism export exceeded US$ 1 trillion (World Tourism Organization, 2011). Tourism exports are accountable for 30% of the worlds commercial exports and as a category ranks fourth in size after fuels, chemicals and automotive products (World Tourism Organization, 2011). 2.1 Relationship between Tourism and Transportation Transport has a direct connection with the tourism industry. Progression in transportation technology has helped a lot to form the modern tourism industry we are evolving today. Since the beginning of time, people have been traveling by various modes. Tourism and transportation are inexorably linked (McIntosh et al, 1995). Without the element of transport there is by definition, no tourism. This means that, although transport contributes for only a part of the tourism business, without it there is no tourism business. However, transport is essential not only to tourism, it is also essential to the economy and indeed to society (Lockwood and Medlik, 2003). For that when we think of tourism we think of people who travels for main purpose of visiting ,that is, a particular place for sightseeing, visiting friends and relatives, taking a vacation and having a good time (Goeldner et al, 2009). These visitors will use all forms of transportation available. Furthermore, tourism is the entire world industry of travel, hotels, transportation, and all other components, including promotion that caters for the needs and wants of travelers (McIntosh et al, 1995). Thus, tourism can be seen as a whole range of individuals, businesses, organizations and places which works together in some way to deliver a travel experience (Leiper, 1979). In accordance with the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), tourism is the worlds largest industry surpassing autos, steel, electronics, and agriculture (McIntosh et al, 1995). Tourism set off important indirect development effects that improve the quality of life of citizens and enhance a countrys overall economic prospects. Crouch and Ritchie (2000) interestingly summarized (Figure 2) the various factors that together make the attractiveness of a tourist destination experience. Furthermore, they emphasized on the importance of the service infrastructure layer, which includes transport services, in the tourist destination experience. The destinations general infrastructure services in this category in fact represent one of the most important factors. The tourism phenomenon relies heavily on public utilities and infrastructural support. Tourism planning and development would not be possible without roads, airports, harbors, electricity, sewage, and potable water. The infrastructural dimension is thus a necessary element for tourism development and the factors below are all basic elements for attracting visitors to a destination. Kaul (1985) also recognizes the importance of infrastructure, more specifically transport as an essential component of successful tourism development meaning that it encourages the creation of new attractions and the growth of existing ones. Figure 2: The tourist destination experience Source: Crouch and Ritchie (2000) Transportation considered as one of the four main categories of tourism (transportation, accommodation, food and beverage services and other tourism goods and services). Dwyer and Forsyth, (1993) said that transport activities are fundamental for tourism because they provide the connection between generating and destination regions and the ability for tourists to move around the destination, that is, by making use of inland transportation services. The transport industry is also recognized as a central factor in destination development. Transportations included items such as ships, airplanes, buses, trains, limousines, taxis (Nariida et al, 2009), car traveling, (Rodrigue et al, 2009), cog railroads, aerial tramways, and similar passenger transportation facilities. Any and all of these modes may be relevant for tourism or recreational travel. Recreational facilities can include parks, stadiums, sporting facilities, and beaches. Furthermore, tourism sites are attractions for tourists as well as local residents and may include recreational facilities as well as cultural attractions (such as historical, musical, or educational facilities). Each type of recreational or tourism facility can have special and specific transportation needs (Petraglia and Weisbrod, 2004). Car traveling is usually an independent mean of transport. The driver is the one who decides where, when and how he is going to get to a destination. It is usually cheaper since roads fees are not directly paid but rather from taxes. It is the only transportation mode that does not require transfers, in the sense that the whole journey, from door to door can be achieve without even stopping (Rodrigue et al, 2009). Consumers choose cars based primarily on convenience and comfort (remote door openers, navigation systems, sound systems and cup holders) rather than maximum speed (Litman, 2007). Improving the quality of alternative modes is important for attracting discretionary travelers and therefore redu cing traffic problems such as congestion, accidents and pollution emissions (Litman, 2008). Ships as we know water travel is a major of tourism and contributes considerably to the development of travel as well as airplanes. Airplanes such as (Cathay Pacific, Emirates, Royal Jordanian) providing the seats which an individual traveler, business person or tour operator may purchase. On the other hand, rail travelers worldwide often prefer rail travel, (McIntosh et al, 1995). The operators of high-speed rail services find reliability and punctuality important factors that contribute to higher market shares (Jorritsma, 2009). Recently, train operating companies are delivering acceptable (and contractual) standards of service delivery in terms of information, comfort, cleanliness and quality of service on trains and at stations (Lyons et al, 2011) which are very important elements that tourists will consider in their decision process. High Speed Rail advantages are many, including getting people quickly and comfortably (Kinstlinger, 2009). But in Mauritius since we do not have tr ains therefore we will not lay much more emphasis on them. Consequently, having adequate taxi, limousine services are essential in a tourist area. Ideally, taxis should have removable and washable seat covers so the car always presents a clean appearance to the passenger. Also the taxi driver to make the best impression should show some courtesy by dismounting from the drivers seat and open the door for the passenger. He or she should assist his/ her passengers concerning their luggage or any other stuff and be courteous all times. Training taxi drivers in foreign language would ease communication and therefore create more foreign language ability (McIntosh et al, 1995). Usually, it is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, providing a service to those who may have no other form of transportation. Therefore, Taxi service is a very important source of demand response transportation in many communities (Ridley, 2006). Moreover, buses are the most likely transit mode, which inten ded for tour use should have large windows, air conditioning, comfortable seats and rest room facilities. Springs or other suspension systems in the coaches should be designed so that the joggling of passenger is kept to a minimum or eliminated. Personnel assigned to buses should be selected for suitable temperament, courtesy and spirit of hospitality (McIntosh et al, 1995). Bus Rapid Transit is considered a more affordable alternative to rail for improving transit service quality and attracting travelers who would otherwise drive on congested urban corridors (VTPI, 2007). Bus organization, bus industry advocates believe that this form of transportation is particularly well suited to certain needs of tourism, especially one way trips of 150 miles or less. Furthermore, rental cars an important aspect of automobile travel is the rental car industry, whose growth has been paralleling or exceeding the growth in air travel. Taxi and Limousine service companies play an increasingly import ant part in tourism. Local transportation companies perform essential services for airlines in servicing departing and arriving passengers as well as providing similar services for bus, rail, and shipping lines (McIntosh et al, 1995). When taking a look at the position occupied by the various modes of passenger transportation one find that air travel dominates long -distance and middle-distance tourism. The nations economy and the tourism industry need a healthy air transportation system. The private automobile dominates for shorter trips and is the most popular means of travel for most domestic journeys. The auto is also very important in regional and international tourism. Affordability, flexibility, and convenience make auto travel the most popular mode of transportation all over the world. Air is the primary competitor to the automobile when it comes to travel, especially for long trips. The advantages of air travel, the quantity of service, speed and comfort must be weighed by travelers against the automobiles advantages of price and accessibility (McIntosh et al, 1995). But in Mauritius since it is an island, it is mainly accessible from air and the sea, therefore this type of competition does not exist. Furthermore, it is important to consider demand and supply when talking about transportation as they are together forming the transport market (Lockwood and Medlik, 2003). Many of the components of the tourist trip for example, transport and accommodation are demands derived from the consumers desire to enjoy what a destination has to offer in terms of things to see and do (Cooper et al, 2008). So, demand and supply are the main components which made up the transportation industry. 2.2 Transport Supply and Demand It is very important for a country to have the most efficient transport system. Efficiency means to say that the transportation system need to satisfy the transport demand for freight and passengers by using the best systems and the most appropriate balance between public and private transport and between modes of transport (For example; rail or road). The objective is to decrease overall transport costs for the collectively including direct costs (operating costs of the rolling stocks, the costs of infrastructure and the costs of time, security and comfort) and indirect costs (such as noise, pollution, accidents etc.) Transport supply can be defined in terms of infrastructures (capacity), services (frequency) and networks (coverage). Capacity is often assessed in static and dynamic terms the number of passengers, volume (for liquids or containerized traffic), or mass (for freight) that can be transported per unit of time and space is commonly used to quantify transport supply (Rodri gue et al, 2009), and these depend on the four basic elements in any transportation system: the way, the terminal, and the vehicle and motive power (Cooper et al, 2008). Transport demand is expressed as transport needs, even if those needs are satisfied, fully, partially or not at all. Similar to transport supply, it is expressed in terms of number of people, volume, or tons per unit of time and space (Rodrigue et al, 2009), other refers it to the amount of mobility and accessibility people would consume under various conditions (ITE, 2003). There is a demand for tourism products and demand for alternative non-tourism products (Lockwood and Medlik, 2003). Tourism demand and non-tourism demand will not only determine whether we travel but also which travel mode we choose, should we decide to travel, and indeed which particular service and carrier we choose. Principal among these features, other than physical transplant, are the following: speed, frequency, comfort, safety, availability, user information, access and price. For each mode is dictated by the weakest element in the system (Cooper et al, 2008). Speed in assessing the value placed, on speed it is important to take account not only of time saved but also of reduced journey time. For most people the ideal is to travel without any perceptible duration of time, not only because it would give up more time for doing other things (including doing nothing) but also because it would remove the many unpleasant aspects of travel that have to be endured when transiting to other places. This mean that we all display a stronger preference for speed and for paying a premium price for speed, than can be explained by the value place on time saved (Lockwood and Medlik, 2003). Transport system performance is often evaluated based on travel speed and distance (Litman, 2008A), some transport system changes intended to increase travel speeds and save travel time tend to reduce other forms of accessibility and increase travel time costs for other users (Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2011) So, speed is an important feature to consider when t aking about transportation as people are limited in time and since lost time cannot be recovered tourists will rather prefer to have a rapid transportation system while visiting a destination. Frequency is another feature of transport that is to be considered as a good frequency of transport will mean that there is a greater possibility to use transport. But still if a particular route is not profitable there will be an inevitable decrease in the frequency level. Most public service vehicles notably trains, are so large in relation to expected traffic that economic operation can usually be achieved-except on a few high volume routes only by reducing frequencies to levels that are often unacceptable in the marketplace (Lockwood and Medlik, 2003), and for availability. Service availability trends reflect changes in demand, mileage, taxi fares and to a lesser extent transit fares (Consulting, 2000). Therefore frequency and service availability is mainly based on the demand for transportation. Comfort, safety and convenience significantly influence transportation decisions. Consumers choosing a motor vehicle are as likely to decide base on seat comfort and the ease of using navigation systems as on more quantitative factors such as speed, price or fuel efficiency (Litman, 2011). Tourists will travel in a mode of transport in respect to the satisfaction the will get from it and here when taking about comfort, the tourists will somehow benchmark the product available in their own countries so as to choose a mode of transport they will prefer to travel in. Prideaux (2000) argued that if the ability of tourists to travel to preferred destinations is inhibited by inefficiencies in the transport system such as uncompetitive prices or lengthy and uncomfortable journey, the likelihood that they will seek alternative destinations may increase. The quality of information can affect the functional availability and desirability of mobility and accessibility options. For example, motorists need actual and appropriate information on travel routes, roadway conditions (such as when congestion, construction and accidents delay traffic), vehicle services, and the availability and price of parking. Potential transit users need information on transit routes, schedules, fares, comfort factors (such as whether vehicles will have seats or stations will have washrooms), and access to destinations. There are many ways to provide transportation information, including maps, brochures, websites and telephones systems (Litman, 2008A). Also Information centers, welcome centers, and information displays are all ways in which visitors can be informed and guided to use appropriate travel routes and transportation facilities (Petraglia and Weisbrod, 2004). Finally, Price cost are the final essential elements in transport to consider. As the most price-sensitive user of fuel, airlines are again proving to be the first to suffer. In the case of surface transport, the effects are masked by the unfair taxation which so distorts the market that accurate forecasting requires advance knowledge of how politicians are going to tax as well as subsidize the various competing forms of transport (Lockwood and Medlik, 2003). Price is also a very important feature to consider as tourists will look for competitive prices so as to travel. Therefore these are the main features that are considered so as to travel, whether it is a tourist or not. These features are considered by anyone who needs to travel and these features will determine the satisfaction of the customer. Customer satisfaction is the aim of any industry as satisfied customers are more economical to an organisation as they not only generate repeat business but they also recommend the service or product to others. 2.3 Service Quality, Customer Perception and Satisfaction A review of the existing literature indicates a wide variance in the definitions of satisfaction and service quality. The customer could judge the quality a service delivered as good but they may not have had satisfaction from the experience (Randall and Senior, 1996). Crompton and Mackay (1989) acknowledged that satisfaction and service quality are not the same thing, stating, Satisfaction is a psychological outcome emerging from an experience, whereas service quality is concerned with the attributes of the service itself. Parasuraman et al. (1988) agreed but stated that customers use the same criteria to judge both, as they are interrelated. Customer satisfaction can be experienced in diverse situations and interrelated to both goods and services. It is a highly personal assessment that is greatly affected by customer expectations. Satisfaction also is based on the customers experience of both contact with the organization (the moment of truth as it is called in business literature ) and personal outcomes (Mack and Peter, 1989). Hunt (1977) defines satisfaction as a kind of stepping away from an experience and evaluating it. Oliver (1997) notes that satisfaction is the consumers fulfillment response, it is a judgment of a product or service feature, or product or service itself in its ability to provide a pleasurable level of consumption related fulfillment, including levels of under or over fulfillment. Most of service quality writers have considerable difficulty in understanding how customers judge services. One of the original service quality theories is that customers are satisfied when their judgement of the service they have received (perception) equals or exceeds what they expected: Customer Satisfaction Equation Customer Satisfaction (CS) = Perceptions (P) = Expectation (E) Gap analysis theory (Zeithaml et al., 1990) Olivers expectancy disconfirmation (Anderson Fornell, 1994; Olivier 1997) 2.3.1 Customer Expectation Zeithaml et al. (1990) considered that the factors that influence customers formulation of their expectations are word of mouth, personal experience, external communications and past experience. Parasuraman et al. (1988) tried to set customer expectations to context by suggesting that they are what an organisation should offer. So, a customer should expect the product or service to be in a specific standard. C:UsersnathanielDownloadsMGT613_Handouts_(Lecture_1_-_45)_img_55.jpg Figure 3: Basic Perceived Service Quality Model Based on figure 3, a basic perceived service quality model, we can say that the customers will decide whether they is satisfied by matching their expectation of the service to the perception derived from the service experienced. In an attempt to know the customer satisfaction, we must know what is the perception of the customer. 2.3.2 Customer Perception The final part of the customer satisfaction equation is their judgement of the service they have received: their perceptions. Olivier (cited in Taylor, 1997) defined customer perception as a comparison to excellence in service by the customer. It is often considered that customer perceptions of a service are made at the end of a service encounter. Customer perceptions of a service are a complex series of judgement made during and at the end of the experience but are modified by a range of factors including their mood, importance of the encounter. The tourism and leisure industry has to be aware of these elements, especially when designing methods of receiving feedback from customers. Customer satisfaction therefore needs us to think in a holistic manner by considering various factors that can affect it. 2.4 Transportation services in Mauritius. 2.4.1 Air Transportation Mauritius is an island and therefore the main access to the island is the air. The Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport, the airport of Mauritius, consists of one runway which cover a distance of over 3,047 m. The airport is situated in plaisance nearly the south of the island. Air Mauritius is the name of the national airline of the island. Air Mauritius Limited, doing business as  Air Mauritius, is the  flag carrier  of  Mauritius. The airline is headquartered at the Air Mauritius Centre in Port Louis, Mauritius. The company is the fourth largest carrier in  Sub-Saharan Africa,  and has an important standing in the  European,  African, and  Indian Ocean  region markets; the airline won the 2011 Indian Ocean Leading Airline Prize, making it the seventh year in a row for it to win the award. Out of a five-star ranking, the carriers inflight service is awarded 3 stars by Skytrax. As of July 2011, the Air Mauritius route network consists of 26 destinations in  Africa,  Asia,  Europe, and  Oceania.  Shanghai  became the 26th destination served by the company in early July 2011.  In February 2012, the airline announced the suspension of some non-profitable routes, starting with  Milan,  Melbourne, and  Sydney, effective May 2012. As of April 2012, Air Mauritius has  codeshare agreements  with the various following companies, which are the actual operators on the routes specified: Air France, on the Port Louis-Paris-Port Louis route and on several  European  routes radiating from Paris Emirates, on the Port Louis-DubaÃÆ' ¯-Port Louis route Malaysia Airlines, on some routes radiating from  Kuala Lumpur South African Airways, on the Port Louis-Johannesburg-Port Louis route   The Air Mauritius fleet consists of the following equipment, with an average age of 8.8 years: Mauritius has well organised its air transport so as to reach the markets that it has targeted for the tourism industry development. 2.4.2 Maritime Transport The Maritime transport in Mauritius is mainly focused on cargoes and merchandising. Tourism is not really at stake when talking about maritime transportation but still there are passenger ships which go to Reunion Island, Rodrigues and also Agalega Island. So these ships take tourists to the island. Cruise ships are another way where tourists can visit the island. The CRO (Central Statistics Office) published statistics for the year 2011 where it can be noted that total arrivals by sea included 29,900 cruise travellers (around 14,220 tourists, 5,500 excursionists, 330 Mauritian residents and 9,850 crews) aboard 18 cruise ships, which visited our port during the first nine months of 2011. Therefore we can conclude that there are tourists who travel to Mauritius by sea. 2.4.3 Public Transport The public transport in Mauritius consists mainly of the buses, the taxis and the car rentals. The most usual way of transport for Mauritian people is the bus. Bus is a quite easy way of transport in the island. The two main bus companies in Mauritius are the NTC (National Transport Corporation) and the UBS (United Bus services). These two companies deserve almost every regions of the island. Here is a list of all bus companies in Mauritius; NTC National Transport Corporation UBS United Bus Service RHT Rose Hill Transport TBS Triolet Bus Service IO Individual Operators MBT Mauritian Bus Transport Another way of transport and more comfortable is the taxis. A taxi  is a  mode of transport  that falls between  taxis  and  buses. These  vehicles for hire  are typically smaller than buses and usually take passengers on a fixed or semi-fixed route without timetables, but instead departing when all seats are filled. They may stop anywhere to pick up or drop off passengers. Often found in  developing countries,  the vehicles used as share taxis range from four-seat cars to minibuses.  They are often owner operated. Taxis are found in almost every corner of the towns, cities and villages in Mauritius. These taxis are individually owned as there are no taxi companies in Mauritius. In spite of those the taxis are well maintained and very comfortable. Mauritian taxis do not use a taxi meter even if they have it in their taxis, so it is usual here before entering a taxi to decide of the price before. A taxi driver knows usually all the interesting places of the island and therefore can help the tourists to go to a destination. Car rental can also be a good mode of transport in Mauritius. A car rental agency generally rents  automobiles  for short periods of time (generally ranging from a few hours to a few weeks) for a fee. In Mauritius it has become quite common to rent cars as various car agencies are offering this service now. Below is a list of car rental agencies that are available in Mauritius; Avis Rent Car Ada ABC Car Rental Budget Rent A Car Hertz Easy Drive Rent A Car Europcar National Car Rental In Mauritius these are the main in land public transport that is available for the citizens and also for the tourists. There are also some companies like Mauritour and Summertimes who offer small buses on rent to tourists who come to Mauritius and these buses are mainly for tourists. 2.5 Importance of Public transportation and inland transportation. Khadaroo and Seetanah (2008) link the importance of an effective and accessible transportation system to the length of time any given tourist would stay in one particular area in a destination. They go on to argue that if the ability of a tourist to travel within a preferred destination is hampered by inefficiencies in the transport system, then the tourist, may seek out alternative destinations. In regards to this identification by Khadaroo and Seetanah (2008) transport to and from the airport is viewed as perhaps the most essential element of a tourist city. This linkage plays an important role delivering visitors from the airport to the main area of accommodation, most commonly in the central city. Law (2002) stated that in the absence of such facilities, as with the city of Florence, it can be a deterrent for potential visitors (Law, 2002: 71). Public transport and other inland transportation services, like taxi or rented cars, provide an important role in enhancing accessibility to the various tourism attractions within a city. Meanwhile, Khadaroo and Seetanah (2008) noted that inadequate public transport provision in an urban environment can result in limiting the amount of attractions visited, resulting in negative implications on the potential tourism revenue of a city. This inability to derive maximum benefits with an inefficient transport network was also emphasised by Kaul (1985). Kaul recognised that transport plays an important role in the successful creation and development of new tourist attractions within a city and also regarded transport as a catalyst for many city transformations. Within this recognition was the fact that transport and accessibility were essential for profitable tourist attractions. Leask et al., (2000) also noted the significant connection between tourist attractions and tourism transportation, stating that transport and tourism have a close relationship due to the need for access (Leask et al., 2000: 212). In the past accessibility to attractions has been based primarily on access by private modes, however, by not providing public transport connections, the number of visitors that can reach an attraction are consequently reduced. Gimeno and Vita (2006) also recognised that the easier it is made for tourists to travel between points of interest, the visitor gains more ability to participate in activities, which in turn will generate enhanced tourism revenue for the destination (Gimeno and Vita, 2006: 14). When talking about public transportation and inland transportation, we should also think of who are those tourists who will travel in the p ublic transportation services available in a destination. Lew and Mckercher (2006) noted that tourists have access to four basic modes of transport within a destination personal vehicle, commercial vehicles in organized tours, public transportation and walking. However, conventional public transport system tends to remain majorly inaccessible/ non-preferred mode of transport to tourists for various reasons (Law, 2002): unfamiliarity with the system and the associated risk of entering terra incognita (unknown territory) should they choose the wrong bus route or get off at the wrong stop (Lew and Mckercher, 2006: pp. 408), need for negotiation with the staff in local language and a system design optimized to cater to everyday needs of the local population (Lumsdon, 2006; Thompson Schofield, 2007) Specialised or custom made tourism transport potentially offers a higher level of accessibility to tourists within the destination. While a large segment of such services is covered under tourist packages offered by private operators, there remains a definitive demand for tourism-specific public transport within the destinations. A large segment of tourists choose not to opt for tourist packages due to lack of flexibility in the choice of both tourist spots and lodging, higher costs and a reduced adventure factor. As such intra-destination public transport can become a vital factor in tourists choice of destination and their ability to access their nodes of interest within the destination. These types of tourists will use the transportation services available in the destination to travel by themselves. Therefore in this research I will aim at categorizing the tourists who prefer travelling by them and not to choose a ready-made package for their travelling at the destination. Another important facto